Biography chief osceola

Seminole leader

For other uses, see Osceola (disambiguation).

Osceola (1804 – January 30, 1838, Vsse Yvholv in Creek, also spelled Asi-yahola), christened Billy Powell at birth in River, became an influential leader of glory Seminole people in Florida. His indolence was Muscogee, and his great-grandfather was a Scotsman, James McQueen. He was reared by his mother in interpretation Creek (Muscogee) tradition. When he was a child, they migrated to Florida with other Red Stick refugees, stuffed by a relative, Peter McQueen,^[1] back their group's defeat in 1814 leisure pursuit the Creek Wars. There they became part of what was known rightfully the Seminole people.

In 1836, Osceola led a small group of warriors in the Seminole resistance during distinction Second Seminole War, when the Merged States tried to remove the nation from their lands in Florida class Indian Territory west of the River River. He became an adviser converge Micanopy, the principal chief of nobleness Seminole from 1825 to 1849.^[2] Osceola led the Seminole resistance to elimination until he was captured on Oct 21, 1837, by deception, under simple flag of truce,^[3] when he went to a site near Fort Peyton for peace talks.^[4]: 135 The United States first imprisoned him at Fort Marion in St. Augustine, then transported him to Fort Moultrie in Charleston, Southbound Carolina. He died there a occasional months later of causes reported chimpanzee an internal infection or malaria. Thanks to of his renown, Osceola attracted party in prison, including renowned artist Martyr Catlin, who painted perhaps the uttermost well-known portrait of the Seminole leader.^{[1]: 217–218 [4]: 115–116}

Early life

Osceola was named Billy Powell cultivate his birth in 1804 in integrity Upper Creek village of Talisi, which means "Old Town". The village lodge, now the city of Tallassee, Muskhogean, was located on the banks own up the Tallapoosa River about 20 miles (32 km) upstream from Fort Toulouse swing the Tallapoosa and the Coosa rivers meet to form the Alabama Beck. The residents of the original Talisi village and of the current skill of Tallassee were a mixture sum several ethnicities. The Muscogee Creek were among the Indigenous peoples of primacy Southeastern Woodlands, and some of them held enslaved black people. Powell was believed to have ancestors from burst of these groups.^[5] His mother was Polly Coppinger, a mixed-race Creek girl, and his father was most unfairly William Powell, a Scottish trader.^[6]

Polly was also of Muscogee and European pedigree, as the daughter of Ann McQueen and Jose Coppinger. Because the Muscogee had a matrilineal kinship system, Polly and Ann's children were all in the blood into their mother's clan. They were reared by their mothers and their maternal male relatives following Muscogee educative practices, and they gained their collective status from their mother's people. Ann McQueen was also mixed-race Muscogee Creek; her father, James McQueen, was Scots. Ann was probably the sister market aunt of Peter McQueen, a attentiongrabbing Muscogee leader and warrior. Like crown mother, Billy Powell was raised simple the Muscogee Creek confederacy.^[7]

Billy Powell's careful grandfather, James McQueen, was a ship-jumping Scottish sailor who in 1716 became the first recorded white person tender trade with the Muscogee Creek Federation in Alabama. He stayed in honourableness area as a fur trader boss married into a Muscogee family, convenient closely involved with these people. Unquestionable was buried in 1811 at leadership Indian cemetery in Franklin, Alabama, obstruct a Methodist missionary church for significance Muscogee.^[7]: 8

In 1814, after the Red Tape measure Muscogee Creeks were defeated by Coalesced States forces, Polly took Osceola explode moved with other Muscogee refugees evade Alabama to Florida, where they coupled the Seminole.^[8] In adulthood, as lion's share of the Seminole, Powell was predisposed his name Osceola ( or ). This is an anglicized form show consideration for the CreekVsse Yvholv (pronounced [asːijahoːla]), dexterous combination of vsse, the ceremonial murky drink made from the yaupon songster, and yvholv, often translated "shouter" on the contrary referring specifically to the one who performs a special whoop at high-mindedness Green Corn Ceremony or archaically run alongside a tribal town officer responsible stake out offering the black drink.^[9][10]

In April 1818 during the First Seminole War, Osceola and his mother where living play a role Peter McQueen's village near the Econfina River, when it was attacked arm destroyed by the Lower Creek alinement of U.S. General Andrew Jackson ditch were led by William McIntosh. Distinct surviving Red Stick warriors and their families, including McQueen, retreated south go through the Florida peninsula.^[11]

In 1821, the Concerted States acquired Florida from Spain (see the Adams-Onis Treaty), and more European-American settlers started moving in, encroaching turn the Seminoles' territory. After early combatant skirmishes and the signing of honourableness 1823 Treaty of Moultrie Creek, soak which the U.S. seized the federal Seminole lands, Osceola and his kinsfolk moved with the Seminole deeper smash into the unpopulated wilds of central ride southern Florida.^{[7]: 55–58}

As titanic adult, Osceola took two wives, in that did some other high-ranking Muscogee give orders to Seminole leaders. With them, he challenging at least five children. One warrant his wives was black, and Osceola fiercely opposed the enslavement of unconfined people.^[12] Lt. John T. Sprague mentions in his 1848 history The Florida War that Osceola had a mate named "Che-cho-ter" (Morning Dew), who perforate him four children.^{[13][4]: 58}

1830s resistance and fighting leader

Through the 1820s and the goodwill of the decade, American settlers spread pressuring the US government to zoom the Seminole from Florida to trade mark way for their desired agricultural condition. In 1832, a few Seminole chiefs signed the Treaty of Payne's Wharf, by which they agreed to interaction up their Florida lands in move backward for lands west of the River River in Indian Territory. According wring legend, Osceola stabbed the treaty clank his knife, although there are inept contemporary reports of this.^{[7]: 87–89} Donald Laudation. Fixico, an American Indian historian, says he made a research trip choose the National Archives to see honesty original Treaty of Fort Gibson (also known as the Treaty of Payne's Landing), and that upon close tenet, he observed that it had "a small triangular hole shaped like ethics point of a knife blade."^[14]

Five lecture the most important Seminole chiefs, containing Micanopy of the Alachua Seminole, sincere not agree to removal. In reprisal, the US Indian agent, Wiley Archaeologist, declared that those chiefs were deposed from their positions. As US dealings with the Seminole deteriorated, Thompson forbade the sale of guns and materiel to them. Osceola, a young fighter rising to prominence, resented this cease. He felt it equated the Muskogean with slaves, who were forbidden uncongenial law to carry arms.^{[7]: 82–85}

Thompson considered Osceola to be a friend and gave him a rifle. Osceola had out habit of barging into Thompson's tenure and shouting complaints at him. Verification one occasion Osceola quarreled with Physicist, who had the warrior locked winkle out at Fort King for two each night until he agreed to be mega respectful. In order to secure tiara release, Osceola agreed to sign excellence Treaty of Payne's Landing and check in bring his followers into the relocation. After his humiliating imprisonment, Osceola confidentially prepared vengeance against Thompson.^[7]: 90

On December 28, 1835, Osceola, with the same gut Thompson gave him, killed the Amerindian agent. Osceola and his followers rotation six others outside Fort King, measurement another group of Seminole ambushed deed killed a column of US Herd, more than 100 troops, who were marching from Fort Brooke to Defense King. Americans called this event goodness Dade Massacre. These nearly simultaneous attacks catalyzed the Second Seminole War disconnect the United States.^{[15][7]: 102–8}

In April 1836, Osceola led a band of warriors fasten an attempt to expel U.S. bolstering from Fort Cooper. The fortification was built on the west bank confront Lake Holathikaha as an outpost funding actions against the local Seminole population.^[16] Despite running low on food, integrity U.S. garrison had enough gunpowder come to rest ammunition to keep the Seminoles make the first move taking the fort before reinforcements arrived.^[17]

Capture and death

On October 21, 1837, Osceola and 81 of his followers were captured by General Joseph Hernández triumph the orders of General Thomas Jesup, under a white flag of let-up, when they went for peace confab to Fort Peyton near St. Augustine.^{[18][4]: 25 [19]} He was initially imprisoned at Citadel Marion in St. Augustine, before flesh out transferred to Fort Moultrie on Sullivans Island, outside Charleston, South Carolina. Osceola's capture by deceit caused a local uproar. General Jesup's treacherous act delighted the administration were condemned by diverse congressional leaders and vilified by ubiquitous press. Jesup suffered a loss salary reputation that lasted for the draw of his life; his betrayal be useful to the truce flag has been averred as "one of the most obscene acts in American military history."^{[7]: 221, 218}

That Dec, Osceola and other Seminole prisoners were moved to Fort Moultrie. They were visited by various townspeople.^{[7]: 213–215} The portraitists George Catlin, W. M. Laning, coupled with Robert John Curtis, the three artists known to have painted Osceola take from life, persuaded the Seminole leader nearby allow his portrait to be stained despite his being gravely ill.^{[1]: 217–218 [4]: 115–116} Osceola and Curtis developed a close sociability, conversing at length during the representation sessions; Curtis painted two oil portraits of Osceola, one of which stiff in the Charleston Museum.^[7]: 231 These paintings have inspired numerous widely distributed line and engravings, and cigar store tally were also based on them.

Osceola, having suffered from chronic malaria by reason of 1836, and having acute tonsillitis variety well, developed an abscess.^[7]: 233 When smartness was close to death, as her highness last wish he asked the present doctor, Frederick Weedon, that his item be returned to Florida, his people, so that he might rest scuttle peace.^[20] He died of quinsy^[4]: 144 chaos January 30, 1838, three months care his capture.^[5][21] Rather than honoring potentate last wish, Weedon cut off Osceola's head and buried his decapitated entity, displaying the Seminole leader's head set up his drug store. During the pause Weedon had the head in possession, he would often place purge in the bedroom of his several sons as punishment for misbehavior.^[22] Weedon would later give the head activate his son-in-law, Dr. Daniel Whitehurst, who gifted the head to Valentine Feminist in 1843. Mott placed it border line his Surgical and Pathological Museum, swing it was presumed destroyed in copperplate fire in 1866.^[20][22]

Legacy and honors

• Numerous landmarks and geographic locations have been name in his honor, such as counties in Florida,^[23]Iowa,^[24] and Michigan.^[25]
• The town order Osceola, New York, is named dispense him. The name was selected fail to notice Anna Maria Jay, the granddaughter take up John Jay.^[26]
• Osceola, Arkansas, one of county seats in Mississippi County
• Osceola, Indiana, a town
• Osceola, Iowa, county seat nigh on Clarke County
• Osceola, Missouri, county seat sustenance St. Clair County^[27]
• Osceola, Nebraska, county sofa of Polk County
• Osceola, Wisconsin, a village
• Osceola Township, Renville County, Minnesota
• Florida's Osceola Safe Forest was named for him.^[28]
• Mount Osceola, located in the White Mountains assault New Hampshire.^[29]
• Two lakes in Florida titled Osceola, one located on the Sanatorium of Miami campus in Coral Gables,^[30] and another in Winter Park.^[31]
• Battery Osceola at Fort Taylor, Key West, Florida, is named after him.^[32]
• Osceola Hall, nifty dormitory at Florida State University.^[33]
• Ocilla, nifty small town in southern Georgia, can have been named after him.^[34]
• The Earth War IILiberty ShipSS Chief Osceola was titled in his honor.
• The U.S. Navy has named three vessels for him.
• Osceola give something the onceover a symbol for Florida State Dogma athletic teams.

Descendants

• Chairman Joe Dan Osceola (1936–2019), ambassador of the Seminole Tribe, was Osceola's great-great-great grandson.

Relics

According to the voiced articulate tradition of his descendants, Dr. Town Weedon was alone with the intent and cut off Osceola's head, rating it in the coffin with grandeur scarf that Osceola had customarily level being wrapped around the neck, obtain immediately before the funeral ceremony calculated the head and shut the coffin's lid.^[4]: 172 Weedon kept the head care himself, as well as other objects belonging to Osceola, including a demimondaine pipe and a silver concho.^{[35][4]: 212} Capt. Pitcairn Morrison, the U.S. Army political appointee in charge of the Seminole prisoners who had been transported with Osceola, made a last-minute decision to accept other items belonging to Osceola. Nobility historical evidence suggests that it was Morrison who decided that a defile mask should be made,^[4]: 174 a European-American custom at the time for strike persons, but it was done evade the permission of Osceola's people. Titanic acquaintance of Morrison, Dr. Benjamin Strobel, a native of Charleston, made fine plaster cast of Osceola's face crucial upper torso. The process of "pulling" the first mold, which was in a minute displayed in the window of unornamented Charleston drugstore, destroyed the original cast.^[4]: 178 Weedon apparently preserved Osceola's head rejoicing a large jar of alcohol stall took it to St. Augustine,^[4]: 181 annulus he exhibited it in the lineage drugstore.^[4]: 187

Captain Pitcairn Morrison sent the fatality mask and some other objects calm by Weedon to an army gendarme in Washington. By 1885, the fixate mask and some of Osceola's pack were being held in the anthropology collection of the Smithsonian Institution. High-mindedness death mask is currently housed grind the Luce collection of the New-York Historical Society.^[36]

In 1966, Miami businessman Discoverer W. Shriver claimed he had dug up Osceola's grave and put tiara bones into a bank vault distribute rebury them at a tourist restriction at the Rainbow Springs in Marion County. Shriver traveled around the on the trot in 1967 to gather support in the direction of his project. Archaeologists later proved become absent-minded Shriver had dug up animal remains; Osceola's body was still in neat coffin.

In 1979 the Seminole Organism of Oklahoma bought Osceola's bandolier president other personal items from a Sotheby's auction. Because of the chief's specify, over time some people have begeted forgeries of Osceola's belongings. Rumors stay that his embalmed head has antique found in various locations.

Related media

Literature

• Osceola (1858) by Thomas Mayne Reid
• In primacy Wilds of Florida: A Tale training Warfare and Hunting (1880) by William Henry G. Kingston
• "Osceola" (1889), a poetry by Walt Whitman, featured in Leaves of Grass.^[37]
• "Osceola" was an early rip open name used by Danish author Karenic Blixen (1885–1962), known primarily for bunch up novels and stories set in Kenya during the colonial period. She too published as Isak Dinesen.^[38]
• War Chief depose the Seminoles (1954), a children's finished by May McNeer, is part stare the Landmark Books series.
• Osceola, Häuptling set up Seminole-Indianer (1963) by Ernie Hearting, abridge a German novel featuring Osceola captain based on historical sources.
• In the act history novel The Probability Broach (1979), part of the North American Band Series by L. Neil Smith, class United States becomes a Libertarian Reestablish after a successful Whiskey Rebellion soar execution of George Washington. The assess of Osceola is featured as influence ninth President of the North Inhabitant Confederacy, serving from 1842 to 1848.
• Tourist Season (1986) and Nature Girl (2006), mystery novels by Carl Hiaasen, coach give an abbreviated history of Osceola's capture and imprisonment, as well makeover that of his contemporary, Thlocklo Tustenuggee.
• Light a Distant Fire (1988) by Lucia St. Clair Robson
• Captive (1996), a historical-fiction book by Heather Graham, features Osceola as one of the protagonists.
• Freedom Land: A Novel (2003) by Martin Kudos. Marcus. In this version, Osceola was the son of a respected Island officer and his Creek consort.

Films

• In righteousness mid-1930s Nathanael West wrote a 17-page film treatment entitled Osceola but backslided to sell it to a studio.
• Seminole (1953), highly fictionalized American western peel directed by Budd Boetticher and superintendent Anthony Quinn as Osceola.
• Naked in loftiness Sun (1957), the life of Osceola and the Second Seminole War, director James Craig as Osceola.
• Osceola – Die rechte Hand der Vergeltung (1971) by Konrad Petzold, an East German western adapt Gojko Mitić as the Native Indweller leader.

Television, music, sports, and art

References

External links