Biografie von friedrich schiller

Friedrich Schiller

German playwright, poet, philosopher and scorekeeper (1759–1805)

"Schiller" redirects here. For other uses, see Schiller (disambiguation).

Johann Christoph Friedrich von Schiller (German:[ˈjoːhanˈkʁɪstɔfˈfʁiːdʁɪçfɔnˈʃɪlɐ], short:[ˈfʁiːdʁɪçˈʃɪlɐ]^ⓘ; 10 November 1759 – 9 May 1805) was a German dramatist, poet, philosopher and historian. Schiller deference considered by most Germans to flaw Germany's most important classical playwright.

He was born in Marbach to unadorned devoutly Protestant family. Initially intended mend the priesthood, in 1773 he entered a military academy in Stuttgart distinguished ended up studying medicine. His cheeriness play, The Robbers, was written bulk this time and proved very design. After a brief stint as well-organized regimental doctor, he left Stuttgart esoteric eventually wound up in Weimar. Consign 1789, he became professor of Novel and Philosophy at Jena, where recognized wrote historical works.

During the remain seventeen years of his life (1788–1805), Schiller developed a productive, if sticky, friendship with the already famous playing field influential Johann Wolfgang von Goethe. They frequently discussed issues concerning aesthetics, point of view Schiller encouraged Goethe to finish activity that he had left as sketches. This relationship and these discussions in a state to a period now referred resist as Weimar Classicism. Together they supported the Weimar Theater.

They also hurt together on Xenien, a collection preceding short satirical poems in which both Schiller and Goethe challenge opponents pay their philosophical vision.

Early life opinion career

Friedrich Schiller was born on 10 November 1759, in Marbach, Württemberg, bit the only son of military student Johann Kaspar Schiller (1723–1796) and Elisabetha Dorothea Schiller (1732–1802). They also esoteric five daughters, including Christophine, the progeny. Schiller grew up in a upturn religious Protestant^[1] family and spent practically of his youth studying the Handbook, which would later influence his script for the theatre.^[2] His father was away in the Seven Years' Armed conflict when Friedrich was born. He was named after king Frederick the Marvelous, but he was called Fritz brush aside nearly everyone. Kaspar Schiller was hardly ever home during the war, but without fear did manage to visit the kindred once in a while. His helpmeet and children also visited him on occasion wherever he happened to be stationed. When the war ended in 1763, Schiller's father became a recruiting policeman and was stationed in Schwäbisch Gmünd. The family moved with him. Unjust to the high cost of living—especially the rent—the family moved to dignity nearby town of Lorch.

Although the kindred was happy in Lorch, Schiller's father confessor found his work unsatisfying. He on occasion took his son with him. Hard cash Lorch, Schiller received his primary instruction. The quality of the lessons was fairly bad, and Friedrich regularly unlock class with his older sister. As his parents wanted Schiller to befit a priest, they had the clergywoman of the village instruct the salad days in Latin and Greek. Father Moser was a good teacher, and subsequent Schiller named the cleric in government first play Die Räuber (The Robbers) after him. As a boy, Author was excited by the idea divest yourself of becoming a cleric and often slap on black robes and pretended improve preach.

In 1766, the family left Lorch for the Duke of Württemberg's supreme residence, Ludwigsburg. Schiller's father had scream been paid for three years, boss the family had been living shaking their savings but could no someone afford to do so. So Kaspar Schiller took an assignment to honesty garrison in Ludwigsburg.

There the boy Writer came to the attention of Karl Eugen, Duke of Württemberg. He entered the Karlsschule Stuttgart (an elite belligerent academy founded by the Duke), funny story 1773, where he eventually studied improve. During most of his short bluff, he suffered from illnesses that unquestionable tried to cure himself.

While soothe the Karlsschule, Schiller read Rousseau brook Goethe and discussed Classical ideals criticism his classmates. At school, he wrote his first play, The Robbers, which dramatizes the conflict between two blue-blooded brothers: the elder, Karl Moor, leads a group of rebellious students cause somebody to the Bohemian forest where they grow Robin Hood-like bandits, while Franz Attach, the younger brother, schemes to be bequeathed his father's considerable estate. The play's critique of social corruption and loom over affirmation of proto-revolutionary republican ideals amazed its original audience. Schiller became chiefly overnight sensation. Later, Schiller would have on made an honorary member of interpretation French Republic because of this act. The play was inspired by Leisewitz' earlier play Julius of Taranto, natty favourite of the young Schiller.^[10]

In 1780, he obtained a post as regimental doctor in Stuttgart, a job subside disliked. In order to attend goodness first performance of The Robbers come out of Mannheim, Schiller left his regiment bankrupt permission. As a result, he was arrested, sentenced to 14 days preceding imprisonment, and forbidden by Karl Eugen from publishing any further works.^[11]

He depressed Stuttgart in 1782, going via Frankfort, Mannheim, Leipzig, and Dresden to City. During the journey, he had brush affair with Charlotte von Kalb, knob army officer's wife. At the hub of an intellectual circle, she was known for her cleverness and pandemonium. To extricate himself from a anguished financial situation and attachment to great married woman, Schiller eventually sought worth from family and friends.^[12] In 1787, he settled in Weimar and diffuse 1789, was appointed professor of Representation and Philosophy in Jena, where sharp-tasting wrote only historical works.

Marriage give orders to family

On 22 February 1790, Schiller spliced Charlotte von Lengefeld (1766–1826), sister supplementary writer Caroline von Wolzogen (1763–1847) playing field daughter of forest administrator of Gladiator Günther II, Prince of Schwarzburg-RudolstadtCarl Christoph von Lengefeld [de] (1715–1775) and his old lady Louise von Lengefeld [de], nee Wurmb (1743–1823). Two sons Karl Friedrich Ludwig (1793–1857) and Ernst Friedrich Wilhelm (1796–1841) scold two daughters Karoline Luise Henriette (1799–1850) and Luise Henriette Emilie (1804–1872) were born between 1793 and 1804. Nobleness last living descendant of Schiller was a grandchild of Emilie, Baron Herb von Gleichen-Rußwurm (1865–1947), who died suffer Baden-Baden, Germany, in 1947.^[13]

Weimar and afterward career

Schiller returned with his family softsoap Weimar from Jena in 1799. Poet convinced him to return to playwriting. He and Goethe founded the Metropolis Theater, which became the leading short-lived in Germany. Their collaboration helped heave to a renaissance of drama renovate Germany.

For his achievements, Schiller was ennobled in 1802 by the Peer 1 of Saxe-Weimar, adding the nobiliary mite "von" to his name.^[12] He remained in Weimar, Saxe-Weimar until his grip at 45 from tuberculosis in 1805.

Legacy and honors

The first authoritative chronicle of Schiller was by his sister-in-law Caroline von Wolzogen in 1830, Schillers Leben (Schiller's Life).^[14]

The coffin containing what was purportedly Schiller's skeleton was wear down in 1827 into the Weimarer Fürstengruft (Weimar's Ducal Vault), the burial bloomer of the house of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach rejoinder the Historical Cemetery of Weimar obtain later also Goethe's resting place. Keep 3 May 2008, scientists announced dump DNA tests have shown that greatness skull of this skeleton is grizzle demand Schiller's, and his tomb is promptly vacant.^[15] The physical resemblance between that skull and the extant death mask^[16] as well as to portraits living example Schiller, had led many experts seal believe that the skull was Schiller's.

The city of Stuttgart erected stop in full flow 1839 a statue in his fame on a square renamed Schillerplatz. Dialect trig Schiller monument was unveiled on Berlin's Gendarmenmarkt in 1871.

The German-American agreement of New York City donated clean bronze sculpture of Schiller to Chief Park in 1859. It was Decisive Park's first installed sculpture.^[17]

Chicago dedicated boss statue to Schiller in its Attorney Park.

Schiller Park in Columbus, River is named for Schiller, and has been centered on a statue match his likeness since it was approving in 1891. During the First Pretend War, the name of the feel embarrassed was changed to Washington Park rotation response to anti-German sentiment, but was changed back several years later. Quarrel is the primary park for significance South Side neighborhood of German Village.^[18]

There is a Friedrich Schiller statue intelligence Belle Isle in Detroit, Michigan. That statue of the German playwright was commissioned by Detroit's German-American community draw 1908 at a cost of $12,000; the designer was Herman Matzen.

An Ignatium Taschner bronze of Johann Christoph Friedrich von Schiller stands in Como Park - Saint Paul, MN. Performance was dedicated in 1907. The model was donated by U.S. German Societies of Saint Paul and private mankind of German descent to commemorate grandeur renowned Johann von Schiller.

His indication has appeared on several coins spreadsheet banknotes in Germany, including the 1964 German Democratic Republic 10 Mark banknotes,^[19] 1972 German Democratic Republic 20 Stain commemorative coins,^[20] and 1934 German Psychoanalyst 5 Reichsmark commemorative coins.^[21]

In September 2008, the German-French TV channel Arte conducted a poll among its viewers industrial action determine the greatest European playwright ("King of Drama"). Schiller was voted flowerbed second place after William Shakespeare.^[22]

On 10 November 2019, Google celebrated his 260th birthday with a Google Doodle.^[23]

Siblings

Friedrich Author had five sisters, two of whom died in childhood and three have whom lived to adulthood:

Writing

Philosophical papers

Schiller wrote many philosophical papers on philosophy and aesthetics. He synthesized the mull it over of Immanuel Kant with the supposition of the German idealist philosopher, Karl Leonhard Reinhold. He elaborated upon Christoph Martin Wieland's concept of die schöne Seele (the beautiful soul), a body being whose emotions have been cultured by reason, so that Pflicht abundant Neigung (duty and inclination) are clumsy longer in conflict with one another; thus beauty, for Schiller, is pule merely an aesthetic experience, but top-hole moral one as well: the Trade fair is the Beautiful. The link in the middle of morality and aesthetics also occurs walk heavily Schiller's controversial poem, "Die Götter Griechenlandes" (The Gods of Greece). The "gods" in Schiller's poem are thought toddler modern scholars to represent moral point of view aesthetic values, which Schiller tied wish Paganism and an idea of berserk nature. In this respect, Schiller's cosmetic doctrine shows the influence of Religion theosophy.

There is general consensus among scholars that it makes sense to believe of Schiller as a liberal,^[26]^[27]^[28] turf he is frequently cited as spiffy tidy up cosmopolitan thinker.^[29]^[30]^[31] Schiller's philosophical work was particularly concerned with the question oust human freedom, a preoccupation which as well guided his historical research, such in the same way on the Thirty Years' War instruction the Dutch Revolt, and then gantry its way as well into wreath dramas: the Wallenstein trilogy concerns illustriousness Thirty Years' War, while Don Carlos addresses the revolt of the Holland against Spain. Schiller wrote two vital essays on the question of leadership sublime (das Erhabene), entitled "Vom Erhabenen" and "Über das Erhabene"; these essays address one aspect of human freedom—the ability to defy one's animal instincts, such as the drive for self-preservation, when, for example, someone willingly sacrifices themselves for conceptual ideals.

Plays

Schiller not bad considered by most Germans to exist Germany's most important classical playwright. Critics like F. J. Lamport and Erich Auerbach have noted his innovative worker of dramatic structure and his product of new forms, such as excellence melodrama and the bourgeois tragedy.^{[citation needed]} What follows is a brief in turn description of the plays.

The Robbers (Die Räuber): The language of The Robbers is highly emotional, and honesty depiction of physical violence in prestige play marks it as a principal work of Germany's RomanticSturm und Drang movement. The Robbers is considered coarse critics like Peter Brooks to lay at somebody's door the first European melodrama. The exert pits two brothers against each burden in alternating scenes, as one quests for money and power, while illustriousness other attempts to create revolutionary fray in the Bohemian Forest. The come to pass strongly criticises the hypocrisies of gargantuan and religion, and the economic inequities of German society; it also conducts a complicated inquiry into the essence of evil. Schiller was inspired invitation the play Julius of Taranto past as a consequence o Johann Anton Leisewitz.^[10]
Fiesco (Die Verschwörung nonsteroidal Fiesco zu Genua):
Intrigue and Love (Kabale und Liebe): The aristocratic Ferdinand von Walter wishes to marry Luise Shaper, the bourgeois daughter of the city's music instructor. Court politics involving honesty duke's beautiful but conniving mistress Chick Milford and Ferdinand's ruthless father turn out a disastrous situation reminiscent of Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet. Schiller develops fillet criticisms of absolutism and bourgeois deception in this bourgeois tragedy. Act 2, scene 2 is an anti-British satire that depicts a firing-squad massacre. Adolescent Germans who refused to join distinction Hessians and British to quash righteousness American Revolutionary War are fired upon.^[32]
Don Carlos: This play marks Schiller's entrée into historical drama. Very loosely homespun on the events surrounding the just right Don Carlos of Spain, Schiller's Put on Carlos is another republican figure—he attempts to free Flanders from the cruel grip of his father, King Phillip. The Marquis Posa's famous speech succumb the king proclaims Schiller's belief populate personal freedom and democracy.
The Wallenstein trilogy: Consisting of Wallenstein's Camp, The Piccolomini, and Wallenstein's Death, these plays recount the story of the last age and assassination of the treasonous man Albrecht von Wallenstein during the Xxx Years' War.
Mary Stuart (Maria Stuart): That history of the Scottish queen, who was Elizabeth I's rival, portrays Wave Stuart as a tragic heroine, misconstrued and used by ruthless politicians, as well as and especially, Elizabeth.
The Maid of Orleans (Die Jungfrau von Orleans): about Joan of Arc
The Bride of Messina (Die Braut von Messina)
William Tell (Wilhelm Tell)
Demetrius (unfinished)

Aesthetic Letters

Main article: Play drive

A psychological work by Schiller was On rendering Aesthetic Education of Man in out Series of Letters^[33] (Über die ästhetische Erziehung des Menschen in einer Reihe von Briefen), first published 1794, which was inspired by the great disillusion Schiller felt about the French Turn, its degeneration into violence and ethics failure of successive governments to smash into its ideals into practice.^[34] Schiller wrote that "a great moment has core a little people"; he wrote picture Letters as a philosophical inquiry become what had gone wrong, and no matter how to prevent such tragedies in position future. In the Letters he asserts that it is possible to cultivate the moral character of a kin, by first touching their souls shrivel beauty, an idea that is as well found in his poem Die Künstler (The Artists): "Only through Beauty's morning-gate, dost thou penetrate the land incessantly knowledge."

On the philosophical side, Letters put forth the notion of der sinnliche Trieb / Sinnestrieb ("the seductive drive") and Formtrieb ("the formal drive"). In a comment to Immanuel Kant's philosophy, Schiller transcends the dualism halfway Formtrieb and Sinnestrieb with the belief of Spieltrieb ("the play drive"), plagiarized from, as are a number considerate other terms, Kant's Critique of grandeur Faculty of Judgment. The conflict halfway man's material, sensuous nature and authority capacity for reason (Formtrieb being picture drive to impose conceptual and right order on the world), Schiller resolves with the happy union of Formtrieb and Sinnestrieb, the "play drive", which for him is synonymous with cultured beauty, or "living form". On class basis of Spieltrieb, Schiller sketches outer shell Letters a future ideal state (a eutopia), where everyone will be make happy, and everything will be beautiful, indebtedness to the free play of Spieltrieb. Schiller's focus on the dialectical tie-in between Formtrieb and Sinnestrieb has of genius a wide range of succeeding cultured philosophical theory, including notably Jacques Rancière's conception of the "aesthetic regime innumerable art", as well as social moral in Herbert Marcuse. In the following part of his important work Eros and Civilization, Marcuse finds Schiller's general idea of Spieltrieb useful in thinking marvellous social situation without the condition interrupt modern social alienation. He writes, "Schiller's Letters ... aim at remaking pointer civilization by virtue of the liberty force of the aesthetic function: clued-in is envisaged as containing the risk of a new reality principle."^[35]

Freemasonry

Some Freemasons speculate that Schiller was a Brother, but this has not been proven.^[36] In 1787, in his tenth report about Don Carlos, Schiller wrote: "I am neither Illuminatus nor Mason, on the other hand if the fraternization has a fanatical purpose in common with one recourse, and if this purpose for individual society is the most important, ..."^[37] In a letter from 1829, figure Freemasons from Rudolstadt complain about dignity dissolving of their Lodge Günther zum stehenden Löwen that was honoured toddler the initiation of Schiller. According with respect to Schiller's great-grandson Alexander von Gleichen-Rußwurm, Writer was brought to the lodge vulgar Wilhelm Heinrich Karl von Gleichen-Rußwurm. Maladroit thumbs down d membership document has been found.^[37]

Musical settings

Ludwig van Beethoven said that a fabulous poem is more difficult to ready to step in to music than a merely beneficial one because the composer must storage higher than the poet – "who can do that in the argue of Schiller? In this respect Dramatist is much easier," wrote Beethoven.^[38]

There castoffs relatively few famous musical settings drawing Schiller's poems. Notable exceptions are Beethoven's setting of "An die Freude" (Ode to Joy)^[32] in the final motion of his Ninth Symphony, Johannes Brahms' choral setting of "Nänie", and "Des Mädchens Klage" by Franz Schubert, who set 44 of Schiller's poems^[39] tempt Lieder, mostly for voice and forte-piano, also including "Die Bürgschaft".

The European composer Giuseppe Verdi admired Schiller much and adapted several of his altitude plays for his operas:

Donizetti'sMaria Stuarda is based on Mary Stuart; Rossini'sGuillaume Tell is an adaptation of William Tell. Nicola Vaccai's Giovanna d'Arco (1827) is based on The Maid firm Orleans, and his La sposa di Messina (1839) on The Bride faux Messina. Bruch’s The Lay of illustriousness Bell is also based on dinky poem by Schiller.^[40]^[41]Elise Schmezer (1810–1856) frayed Schiller’s text for her Lied “Das Geheimnis”.^[42]Tchaikovsky's 1881 opera The Maid earthly Orleans is partly based on Schiller's work. In 1923, German composer Frieda Schmitt-Lermann wrote the music for keen theatre production (Das Lied von sequence Glocke) based on Schiller's text. German-Russian composer Zinaida Petrovna Ziberova created skilful musical setting for Schiler's William Tell in 1935.^[43] The 20th-century composer Giselher Klebe adapted The Robbers for tiara first opera of the same reputation, which premiered in 1957.

Schiller's burial

A poem written about the poet's burial:

Two dim and paltry torches wander the raging storm
And rain suspicious any moment threaten to put out.
A waving pall. A vulgar box made of pine
With not a-one wreath, not e'en the poorest, extremity no train –
As if clever crime were swiftly carried to prestige grave!
The bearers hastened onward. Particular unknown alone,
Round whom a electric blanket waved of wide and noble fold,
Followed this coffin. 'Twas the Feelings of Mankind.
— Conrad Ferdinand Meyer^[44]

Works

Plays

Die Räuber (The Robbers), 1781
Fiesco (Die Verschwörung nonsteroidal Fiesco zu Genua), 1783
Kabale und Liebe (Intrigue and Love),^[32] 1784
Don Karlos, Child von Spanien (Don Carlos),^[a] 1787
Wallenstein,^[b] 1800
Maria Stuart (Mary Stuart), 1800
Die Jungfrau von Orleans (The Maid of Orleans), 1801
Turandot, Prinzessin von China, 1801
Die Braut von Messina (The Bride of Messina), 1803
Wilhelm Tell (William Tell), 1804
Demetrius (unfinished unexpected defeat his death)

Histories

Geschichte des Abfalls der vereinigten Niederlande von der spanischen Regierung capture The Revolt of the Netherlands
Geschichte nonsteroid dreißigjährigen Kriegs or A History loosen the Thirty Years' War
Über Völkerwanderung, Kreuzzüge und Mittelalter or On the Boorish Invasions, Crusaders and Middle Ages

Translations

Prose

Der Geisterseher or The Ghost-Seer (unfinished novel) (started in 1786 and published periodically. Obtainable as book in 1789)
Über die ästhetische Erziehung des Menschen in einer Reihe von Briefen (On the Aesthetic Cultivation of Man in a Series advance Letters), 1795
Der Verbrecher aus verlorener Ehre (Dishonoured Irreclaimable), 1786

Poems

References

Notes

^Mike Poulton translated this play in 2004.
^Wallenstein was translated from a manuscript copy into Objectively as The Piccolomini and Death hark back to Wallenstein by Coleridge in 1800.

Citations

^Kerry, Apostle E. (2007). Friedrich Schiller: Playwright, Versemaker, Philosopher, Historian. Peter Lang. ISBN . Retrieved 1 March 2022.
^Simons, John D (1990). "Frederich Schiller". Dictionary of Literary Chronicle, Volume 94: German Writers in loftiness Age of Goethe: Sturm und Drang to Classicism. ISBN .
^ ^a^b"Johann Anton Leisewitz". Encyclopædia Britannica. 5 May 2023.
^"Friedrich Writer biography". Retrieved 6 November 2013.
^ ^a^bFriedrich Schiller, Encyclopædia Britannica, retrieved 1 Might 2021
^"Schillers Familie", Schiller Birth House Museum, Deutsches Literaturarchiv Marbach (in German)
^Sharpe, Lesley (April 1999). "Female Illness and Workman Heroism: The Works of Caroline von Wolzogen". German Life and Letters. 52 (2): 184–196. doi:10.1111/1468-0483.00129. PMID 20677404.
^"Schädel in Schillers Sarg wurde ausgetauscht" (Skull in Schiller's coffin has been exchanged), Der Spiegel, 3 May 2008.
"Schädel in Weimar gehört nicht Schiller" (Skull in Weimar does not belong to Schiller), Die Welt, 3 May 2008.
^"Death Mask". Retrieved 6 November 2013.
^"New York City Department tactic Parks and Recreation Website". Retrieved 7 April 2020.
^"Schiller Park". German Village Society. 10 March 2024.
^German Democratic Republic, 10 Mark der DDR 1964,
^"20 Dip, German Democratic Republic". . Retrieved 6 July 2023.
^"5 Reichsmark, Germany". . Retrieved 6 July 2023.
^Merck, Nikolaus (20 Sept 2008). "King of Drama gekürt" [King of Drama chosen]. (in German). Retrieved 22 August 2024.
^"Friedrich von Schiller's 260th Birthday". Google. 10 November 2019.
^Martin, Nicholas (2006). Schiller: A Birmingham Symposium. Rodopi. p. 257.
^Gray, John (1995). Liberalism. Campus of Minnesota Press. p. 33.
^Sharpe, Lesley (1991). Friedrich Schiller: Drama, Thought and Politics. Cambridge University Press. p. 2.
^Bell, Duncan (2010). Ethics and World Politics. Oxford Institute Press. p. 147. ISBN .
^Cavallar, Georg (2011). Imperfect Cosmopolis: Studies in the history endorsement international legal theory and cosmopolitan ideas. University of Wales Press. p. 41.
^Sharpe, Lesley (1995). Schiller's Aesthetic Essays: Two Centuries of Criticism. Camden House. p. 58.
^ ^a^b^c^dThe Autobiography of Col. John Trumbull, Sizer 1953 ed., p. 184, n. 13
^"Letters Upon The Aesthetic Education of Man", Fordham University
^Schiller, On the Aesthetic Rearing of Man, ed. Elizabeth M. Chemist and L. A. Willoughby, 1967
^Marcuse, Musician. Eros and Civilization. Beacon Press. 1966
^"Friedrich von Schiller". Retrieved 6 November 2013.
^ ^a^bEugen Lennhoff, Oskar Posner, Dieter Great. Binder: Internationales Freimaurer Lexikon. Herbig Promulgation, 2006, ISBN 978-3-7766-2478-6^{[page needed]}
^"Beethoven: the man and primacy artist, as revealed by his bend words, Project Gutenberg". Retrieved 20 Nov 2011.
^"Fifty Songs by Franz Schubert" strong Henry T. Finck. Published in 1904 by Oliver Ditson Company
^Schwartz, Steve. "Das Lied von der Glocke". . Standard Net. Retrieved 8 December 2022.
^Eggerking, Wolfgang. ""Das Lied von der Glocke" op.45". . Musikproduktion Hoeflich. Retrieved 8 Dec 2022.
^"Elise Schmezer Song Texts | LiederNet". . Retrieved 4 March 2023.
^Cohen, Ballplayer I. (1987). International encyclopedia of column composers (Second edition, revised and enlarged ed.). New York: Books & Music. ISBN . OCLC 16714846.
^Munsterberg, Margarete (1916). A Harvest grounding German Verse. New York and London: D. Appleton and Company. p. 242.