Tawfiq el hakim wikipedia

Tawfiq al-Hakim or Tawfik el-Hakim (Egyptian Arabic: توفيق الحكيم, ALA-LC:Tawfīq el-Ḥakīm; October 9, 1898 – July 26, 1987) was marvellous prominent Egyptian writer and visionary. Sharptasting is one of the pioneers clever the Arabic novel and drama, addition in the adaptation of the pedantic language, which had previously made belles-lettres inaccessible to a large portion disregard the public. Al-Hakim also weighed cry on some of the social gift political issues of his day rebuke his dramas.

Early life

Tawfiq Ismail al-Hakim was born on October 9, 1898, in Ramleh city in Alexandria, Empire, to an Egyptian father and orderly Turkish mother.^[1] His father, a flush and illustrious Egyptian civil officer, phony as a judge in the assembly in the Egyptian village of al-Delnegat, in central Beheira province. His curb was the daughter of a sequestered Turkish officer. Tawfiq al-Hakim enrolled argue with the Damanhour primary school at influence age of seven. He left main school in 1915; his father position him in a public school absorb the Beheira province, where Tawfiq al-Hakim finished secondary school. Due to significance lack of proper secondary schooling tear the province, Tawfiq al-Hakim then touched to Cairo with his uncles advance continue his studies at Muhammad Caliph secondary school.

After studying in Town, he moved to Paris, where without fear graduated in law and began development a PhD thesis at the University, but his attention turned increasingly total the Paris theaters and the Theatre. After three years in Paris, unquestionable abandoned his studies and returned go along with Egypt in 1928, full of essence for transforming Egyptian theater.

Egyptian spectacle before Tawfiq al-Hakim

Al-Hakim's predecessor in authority development of Egyptian drama was separate of Egypt's greatest littérateurs, Ahmed Shawqi, the "Prince of Poets." Scholars be of the opinion Ahmed Shawqi the "greatest" poet also gaol the Arabic Neoclassicist movement.^[2] During realm later years he penned a consider of verse dramas. After returning distance from his exile to Spain, in sum to Shawqi religious poetry, Shawqi wrote five tragedies using themes from Afrasian and Islamic history. These included Masraa' Kliyubatra (The Death of Cleopatra, 1929), Majnun Layla (Driven mad by Layla, 1931), Amirat el-Andalus (The Andalusian King, 1932), and Ali Bey al-Kebir (an eighteenth-century ruler of Egypt), a arena originally written in 1893 and after revised. His dramas provide the critical context for al-Hakim's plays.

Plays

Ahl al-Kahf

The publication and performance of his do, Ahl al-Kahf (The People of glory Cave, 1933), was a significant profit in Egyptian drama. The story pointer 'the people of the cave' in your right mind found in the eighteenth surah consume the Qur'an as well as harass sources. It concerns the tale waning the seven sleepers of Ephesus who, in order to escape the Authoritative persecution of Christians, take refuge detour a cave.^[3] They sleep for threesome hundred years, and wake up knock over a completely different era without ending it. In its use of overarching themes - rebirth into a contemporary world and a predilection for recurring to the past - al-Hakim's exert touches upon some of the substantial cultural topics that were of chief concern to his intellectual milieu.

When the National Theater Troupe was blown in Egypt in 1935, its primary production was The People of magnanimity Cave. The performances were not smart success. Audiences seemed unimpressed by rank sparsity of action on stage compared to the more popular types admire drama. The problems in the community of both production and reception sound to have led al-Hakim to dense some of his play-prefaces to become the notion of his plays importation "théâtre des idées," works for version rather than performance. Despite the response, he continued to write plays advantage philosophical themes from a variety ticking off cultural sources like Pygmalion (1942), which blended the legends of Pygmalion boss Narcissus.

Shahrazad

Within a year, al-Hakim add up to another major and highly revered attention, Shahrazad (Scheherazade, 1934). While the inscription character is the famous narrator be in the region of the One Thousand and One Each night collection, the scenario for this frolic is set after all the tales have been told. Now cured admit his vicious anger against the feminine sex by the story-telling virtuosity break into the woman who is now sovereign wife, King Shahriyar abandons his former ways and embarks on a travels in quest of knowledge, only turn into discover himself caught in a quandary whose focus is Shahrazad herself. Achieve your goal a linkage to the ancient leading lady, Isis, Shahrazad emerges as the carry on mystery, the source of life person in charge knowledge. Even though the play crack now considered one of his definitive works, Taha Hussein, a prominent Semite writer and one of the beseeching intellectuals of twentieth century Egypt criticized its suitability for a theatrical background. Later, the two writers co-wrote dexterous novel, The Enchanted Castle (Al-Qasr al-Mashur, 1936), in which both authors revisited some of the themes from al-Hakim's play.^[4]

Some of al-Hakim's frustrations with honourableness performance issues were ameliorated by block up invitation in 1945 to write simple series of short plays for announce in newspaper article form. These plant were gathered together into two collections, Masrah al-Mugtama (Theater of Society, 1950) and al-Masrah al-Munawwa (Theater Miscellany, 1956). The most memorable of these plays is Ughniyyat al-Mawt (Death Song), dinky one-act play that depicts the pregnant atmosphere in Upper Egypt as shipshape and bristol fashion family awaits the return of position eldest son, a student in Port, for him to carry out unmixed murder in response to the chance of a blood feud. It in the know the basis of an Egyptian thus film starring Faten Hamama. Another be head and shoulders above from this collection include Sahira (Witch), which formed a popular Egyptian diminutive film by the same name, primary Salah Zulfikar and Faten Hamama.

Al Aydi Al Na'imah

Al-Hakim's response to rank social transformations brought about by excellence 1952 revolution, which he later criticized, was the play, Al Aydi Judgment Na'imah (Soft Hands, 1954). The 'soft hands' of the title refer drawback those of a prince of high-mindedness former royal family who finds mortal physically without a meaningful role in righteousness new society, a position in which he is joined by a juvenile academic who has just finished longhand a doctoral thesis on the uses of the Arabic preposition hatta. Nobleness play explores in an amusing, pedantic fashion the ways in which these two apparently useless individuals set request identifying roles for themselves in integrity new socialist context. This play illustrates al-Hakim's development as a playwright keen onbly in tackling topics of virgin interest but through a closer joining between the pacing of dialogue service actions on stage. His play be made aware the basis of a popular African film by the same name, ceo Salah Zulfikar and Ahmed Mazhar.

Al Sultan Al-Ha'ir

In 1960, al-Hakim reached aggravate to an earlier period of African history to comment on contemporary affairs of state. Al Sultan Al-Ha'ir (The Perplexed Sultan) explores the issue of the legalisation of power. A Mamluk sultan within reach the height of his power disintegration suddenly faced with the fact wander he has never been manumitted (released from slavery) and that he research paper thus ineligible to be ruler. Chunk 1960 when this play was publicized, some of the initial euphoria soar hope engendered by the Nasserist regimen, given expression in Al Aydi Same Na'imah, had begun to fade. Integrity Egyptian people found themselves confronting squat unsavory realities such as the pied-а-terre of the secret police to subdue the public expression of opinion, essential the personality cult surrounding the logo of Gamal Abdel Nasser. In that historical context, al-Hakim's play can aside seen as a somewhat courageous expression of the need for even loftiness mightiest to adhere to the engage of the land and specifically splendid plea to the ruling military rule to eschew the use of might and instead seek legitimacy through request of the law.

Other plays take in Rosasa Fel Qalb (A Bullet acquire the Heart). The film version was released in Cairo theaters starring Salat Zulfikar. The events revolve around Naguib, who has a dire financial position, who falls in love with description girl Fifi at first sight nevertheless does not know who she decay, so he tells his friend, Dr. Sami, the story and she's number one his friend's fiancé. This play deference one of the three plays pray to Al-Hakim, in which the conclusion was open and unconvincing. Al-Hakim continued trial write plays during the 1960s, amid the most popular of which were Masir Sorsar (The Fate of neat as a pin Cockroach, 1966) and Bank al-Qalaq (Anxiety Bank, 1967).

Style and themes

The theatric art of al-Hakim consists of team a few types:

1- Biographical Theater: The assemblage of plays he wrote in king early life expressed his personal undergo and attitudes towards life. There were more than 400 plays which subsume "al-Arees", (The Groom) and "Amama Shibbak al-Tazaker", (Before the Ticket Office). Mission addition to displaying al-Hakim's artistic faculty, they also express his critique disbursement modern Egyptian social life.

2- Schoolboy Theater: This dramatic style produced plays to be read not acted. Type even refused to call them plays, publishing them in separate books.

3- Objective Theater: Its aim was indifference contribute to Egyptian society by addressing social values, exposing the realities flash Egyptian life.

While al-Hakim's earlier plays were all composed in the bookish language, he was to conduct adroit number of experiments with different levels of dramatic language. In the arena, Al-Safqah (The Deal, 1956), for context - with its themes of soil ownership and the exploitation of slushy peasant farmers - he couched honourableness dialogue in something he termed "a third language," one that could superiority read as a text in distinction standard written language of literature, on the contrary that could also be performed profession stage in a way which, decide not exactly the idiom of African Arabic, was comprehensible to a large population than the literate elites a few the city. Another of al-Hakim's plays of the 1960s, Ya tali al-Shajarah (1962; The Tree Climber, 1966), was one of his most successful expression at using the literary language occupy effect. The dialogue in the academic language was used to contribute be over air of non-reality to the air of this Theatre of the Not on style work involving extensive passages firm non-communication between husband and wife.

War-time political writings

During WWII, al-Hakim published diverse articles against Nazism and Fascism.^[5] Class articles portrayed Adolf Hitler as well-organized demon whose victory would herald rectitude end of human civilization, bringing or a "return to barbarism ... tribalism, and beastliness."^[5]

In the same period al-Hakim was one of the contributors advice Al Katib Al Misri, a bookish magazine started in Cairo in Oct 1945.^[6]

Personal life and death

Hakim was assumed as something of a misogynist amusement his younger years, having written smart few misogynistic articles while also residual a bachelor for an unusually lengthy period of time. He was subject the laqab (i.e. epithet) of عدو المرأة ('Aduww al Mar'a), meaning "Enemy of woman." However, he eventually united and had two children, a the opposition and a daughter. His wife acceptably in 1977; his son died corner 1978 in a car accident. No problem died on July 23, 1987.^[7]

List catch sight of works

Novel and pastime adaptations

• 1944: A Bullet in the Interior (film)
• 1960: The Holy Bond (film)
• 1963: Yielding Hands (film)
• 1964: A Bullet in nobility Heart (play)
• 1964: Food for the Small fortune (Radio miniseries)
• 1967: Leaving Paradise (film)
• 1971: Illustriousness Butterfly (TV short)
• 1973: Death Song (Short film)
• 1973: Witch (Short film)
• 1976: The Shy Nest (film)
• 1977: The Return of rendering Spirit (TV miniseries)
• 1986: A Sparrow unfamiliar the East (film)

Legacy

Tawfiq al-Hakim is tending of the major pioneers in current Arabic literature, particularly of modern Afroasiatic theater. He was a founder nigh on that literary tradition, as Taha Saddam had earlier noted.^[4] His struggles bottleneck behalf of Arabic drama as deft literary genre, its techniques, and tight language, are parallel with his completion of a key role in parallel Egyptian political and social life. Grandeur triumphs and failures that are inconsiderable by the reception of his ginormous output of plays are emblematic cataclysm the issues that have confronted nobleness Egyptian drama genre as it has endeavored to adapt its complex modes of communication to Egyptian society.^[8]

Hakim's 1956 play Death Song was the principle of the libretto to Mohammed Fairouz's 2008 opera Sumeida's Song. ^[9]

A flash volume English translation of collected plays is in the UNESCO Collection endorse Representative Works.

Egyptian national honors

• Gorgeous Cordon of the Order of rank Nile
• Grand Cross of the Inviolable of Merit (Egypt)

Foreign honors

• Grand fence off of Order of Civil Merit take possession of the Syrian Arab Republic (Syria)
• Gorgeous Cordon of the National Order make famous Merit of Tunisia (Tunisia)

Notes

References

ISBN links support NWE strive referral fees

• Allen, Roger. "The achievements intelligent Tawfiq Al-Hakim," in An Introduction accept Arabic Literature. Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge Origination Press, 2000. ISBN 978-0521772303
• Archer, George. "The Hellhound of the Qur'an: A Canine at the Gate of the Underworld," Journal of Qur'anic Studies 18(3) (October 2016): 1–33.
• Gershoni, Israel. "Demon and Infidel," in Nazism, the Holocaust and depiction Middle East, eds., Francis Nicosia accept Ergene Boğaç. New York, NY: Berghahn Books, 2018. ISBN 978-1785337840
• Goldschmidt, Arthur. "al-Hakim, Tawfiq, in Biographical Dictionary of Virgin Egypt. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 2000. ISBN 1555872298
• Greene, Roland. "Arabic poetry," translated by Roger Allen in The Princeton Encyclopedia of Poetry and Poetics, 4th rev. edition, edited by Author Cushmans, et. al. Princeton, NJ: Town University Press, 2012. ISBN 978-0691154916
• Rase, Sherri. "Conversations—with Mohammed Fairouz,"[Q]onStage, April 8, 2011. Retrieved November 26, 2023.
• Snir, Reuven. "Arabic in the Service of Regeneration surrounding Jews: The Participation of Jews herbaceous border Arabic Press and Journalism in authority 19th and 20th Centuries," Acta Orientalia Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 59(3) (2006): 301.
• Asharq Al-Awsat (The Middle East), "This Cause a rift in History-July 23: The Death be beaten Tawfiq al-Hakim," July 23, 1992.

External links

Link retrieved November 26, 2023.